By: Muhammad Nurasfar Bin Ramli, Sherine Amira Ak Beatle, Nor Aisyah Binti Mohd Nasir, Siti Nur Izaty Binti Mohd Pardzi, Nurul Najihah Binti Mohd Noh.
1.0 Introduction
According to Abend Gabriel (2008), town center planning is a study which emphasis on the town center to achieve the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study is focus on town center
planning which is usually link to government services, business hub, wide-spread public transportation, commercial area and settlement. Town center planning also classifying as a core area as it involves institutions, services, government offices, commercial district and business activity. This report also
helps to understanding on planning policies and strategies of local development
plan and elements that state in this report. This study is about the the town
center which already developed the central area however there is a certain
issues and challenges to assure the sustainability of the city itself.
The aims of this report is to review on
the literature study which consists of land use and building use, economic
base, transportation, tourism and recreational, urban design and heritage,
social aspects that will be explaining about preliminary study such as goals, purpose, objective, scope study and methodology and elements that has been made in this
report.
2.0 Definition
of Town Center
According to Beyard, Micheal D (2007)
town center is an enduring, walk able and integrated open-air, multi use
development that is organized around a clearly identifiable and energized
public realm where citizens can gather and strengthen their community bonds. It
is anchored by retail, dining, and leisure uses, as well as by vertical or
horizontal residential uses. At least one other type of development is included
in a town center, such as office, hospitality, civic and cultural uses. Over
time, a town center should evolve into the densest, most compact and most
diverse part of a community, with strong connections to its surroundings.
3.0 Components of a Town Center
3.1 The Urban Village Ideal
Most growth is planned to occur around business districts, combination retail and housing projects in the niche neighborhood. Some rezoning of land accommodates more housing mound business centers. This includes improving neighborhood quality and maintenance generally.
Most growth is planned to occur around business districts, combination retail and housing projects in the niche neighborhood. Some rezoning of land accommodates more housing mound business centers. This includes improving neighborhood quality and maintenance generally.
3.2 Urban Design, transportation, and
economic development
Improvements to create a series of distinct niche neighborhoods in the central area. These niche neighborhoods are the focus of city investments in street and urban design improvements. They complement each other’s services, are linked by streets that work, and are filled with better, more complete range of services for community members and other.
Improvements to create a series of distinct niche neighborhoods in the central area. These niche neighborhoods are the focus of city investments in street and urban design improvements. They complement each other’s services, are linked by streets that work, and are filled with better, more complete range of services for community members and other.
3.3 Streets that work for pedestrians,
bikes, buses and cars
Create Central’ Area streets that hum with activity, shopping, walking, and alternate transportation that link people with employment and employment centers. Corridors tie together the community, linked by greenery, amenities, and a sense of grace - suitable for strolling, biking, or driving.
Create Central’ Area streets that hum with activity, shopping, walking, and alternate transportation that link people with employment and employment centers. Corridors tie together the community, linked by greenery, amenities, and a sense of grace - suitable for strolling, biking, or driving.
3.4 Gateways Spaces, and Gathering Places
Community gardens, open spaces, gathering places throughout the many neighborhoods should be financed by the City to support the growth in families. These improvements increase public safety, community pride and build a positive image.
Community gardens, open spaces, gathering places throughout the many neighborhoods should be financed by the City to support the growth in families. These improvements increase public safety, community pride and build a positive image.
4.0 Principle of a Town Center
4.1 Respect Market Realities
A thriving town center is well tuned to the level and nature of the market that supports it. Understanding the market entails understanding not only population counts and income levels but also growth, competition, access, and aspirations. By Michael. D. Beyard (2007).
A thriving town center is well tuned to the level and nature of the market that supports it. Understanding the market entails understanding not only population counts and income levels but also growth, competition, access, and aspirations. By Michael. D. Beyard (2007).
4.2 Integrate Multiple Uses
A mixture of uses is one of the most important qualities defining a town center. Historically, centers of towns or villages have contained a variety of uses that serve the broader community. It bringing potential benefits and synergies to the center, has different constraints and issues affecting its development.
A mixture of uses is one of the most important qualities defining a town center. Historically, centers of towns or villages have contained a variety of uses that serve the broader community. It bringing potential benefits and synergies to the center, has different constraints and issues affecting its development.
4.3 Environmentally
responsible
Environmentally responsible towns and cities
manage resources to take account of
the needs of present and future
generations. Environmentally responsible towns and
cities
constantly seek ways to minimize adverse impacts on human health and
natural
and cultural systems, including air quality and water quality.
4.4 Connect
to the Community
One
of the defining characteristics of town center developments is that they are
very public and have strong connections with the surrounding community. The
fact that patrons look on town centers as public centers. Strong connections to
surrounding neighborhoods, commercial areas, and park systems help reinforce
the view that the town center is accessible to all users. Connectivity
to a town center occurs at a variety of levels. The most obvious connection is
through a well-designed series of roads. Town centers require an effective
balance between pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Town center developments
typically have a retail and commercial component that is place based. Open
space can also be an important component linking a town center to a broader
park system. This is particularly the case with suburban town centers, where
land areas and more generous open-space requirements create opportunities for
connection to larger parks.
5.0 Requirement of a Town Center
5.1 "Open to the Public"
A simple example of this is the public park and plaza. One of the favorite examples of Kuah Langkawi, people come to Langkawi square from all locals and tourist as
they are popular, accessible, safe and easy to use. This public place serves people with different backgrounds and reasons to be there. It has something for everybody.
5.2 Attraction and Sustain Demand
5.1 "Open to the Public"
A simple example of this is the public park and plaza. One of the favorite examples of Kuah Langkawi, people come to Langkawi square from all locals and tourist as
they are popular, accessible, safe and easy to use. This public place serves people with different backgrounds and reasons to be there. It has something for everybody.
5.2 Attraction and Sustain Demand
Places
of interest will attract people near and far. Urbanization begins when the property owner begins development. For example, throughout Kuah Town there
were active night market activities.
5.3 Sustainable and Livable Environment
Great
places are designed for people taking into account all human needs. It means they have fresh air, lack of sound and trash, and plenty of shade, if needed.
For example, Langkawi is a city with its own history. The Legendary Park is an
area of interaction that provides information on the history of Langkawi and
has evolved into a tourist attraction. This shows that while many are concerned
with the restoration of the environment compared to the historical development
of community improvement, they can unite the two.
6.0 Factors for Town Center Development
Some of the key factors
contributing to the growth of the city are excess of resources,
industrial and
commercialization, transportation and communication development, urban
economic
attraction, educational and recreational facilities. Here are the factors that are driving the growth of the city.
6.1 Excess of Resources
6.1 Excess of Resources
Cities
grow wherever society or group is located, gaining greater resources than is necessary for sustenance. In modern times, humans have conquered nature and expanded their power. They have used their natural resources extensively
through technological improvements to date that few people can meet the basic
needs of many people.
6.2 Industrial and Commercialization
6.2 Industrial and Commercialization
Urban
growth was also driven by new production techniques related to the industrial revolution. The discovery of machinery, the development of steam power, and the large use of capital in industrial enterprises led to the establishment of a
giant manufacturing plant that led to the mobility of a group of workers who
accelerated their concentration around the factory area.
6.3 Transportation and Communication Development
6.3 Transportation and Communication Development
Developments
in the mode of transportation and communication and facilities offered by the
city to meet the need for communication also explain the growth of the city. The industry relies on transportation so that raw materials and manufactured
goods can be transported in large quantities. In industrial cities,
transportation and communication tools are essentially developed. The city is
connected not only to other parts of the country and abroad but through
advanced local modes of transportation, various parts of the city are also
connected.
6.4 Educational and Recreational Facilities.
6.4 Educational and Recreational Facilities.
According
to one of the authors of the article "Factors influencing the Growth of Cities around the World" recently all secondary schools are located in
cities in India while primary schools are located in a city more complete than
in villages. Naturally, because of all facilities young men and women are
attracted to cities for higher education. Recreational facilities are available
in the city.
7.0 Characteristics of a Successful Town Center
7.1 Competitive,
thriving, creative and innovative
Competitive and thriving towns and cities
attract dynamic and innovative knowled
workers, entrepreneurs and companies creativity is a hallmark of successful towns
and
cities. Creative towns and cities facilitate new ways of thinking and
innovative ways of
solving problems. Creative cities connected to global
markets are a primary source of
innovation, technological development and
wealth creation in modern economies.
7.2 Livable
Successful towns and cities provide a high quality of life where people choose to live and work. Livable places provide choices in housing, work, transport and lifestyle
Successful towns and cities provide a high quality of life where people choose to live and work. Livable places provide choices in housing, work, transport and lifestyle
opportunities. They are easy to move around, with
accessible services and a variety of
integrated transport options that include
walking and cycling. Livable places are healthy places to live, and they have
low levels of crime.
7.3 Environmentally Responsible
Environmentally responsible towns and cities
manage resources to take account of the needs of present and future generations. Environmentally responsible towns and cities
constantly seek ways to minimize adverse impacts on human health and natural
and cultural systems, including air quality and water quality.
8.0 "A Successful of Town Center Have"
8.0 "A Successful of Town Center Have"
8.1 Opportunities
for all
Successful towns and cities accommodate all
citizens and offer opportunities for young and old, people on low incomes and
people with disabilities. They provide access to jobs, affordable homes,
services and community facilities. A successful town or city is equitable and
everyone feels a sense of ownership, which is reflected in their safe and
dynamic public spaces.
8.2
Distinctive
identity
Successful towns and cities have a strong and
locally distinctive identity that builds on the unique strengths and
characteristics of each place and the cultural identity.
Recognizing and promoting a town's or city's
identity encourages diversity of cultural expression through design that
recognizes distinctive use of space, form and materials.
8.3
Shared
vision and good governance
A successful town or city has a clear sense
of direction and a widely shared vision.
There is genuine engagement with
communities and leadership at many levels. Creative ideas are encouraged and
freely exchanged between people and government.
9.0 The Common Activities Found in a Town Center are as follow:
A town center is the
commercial or geographical center or core area of a town. Town
centers are
traditionally associated with shopping or retail. They are also the center of
communications with major public transport hubs such as train or bus stations.
Public
buildings including town halls, museums and libraries are often found in
town centers.
Familiar word as we know
about central business, article about Central Business District or CBD from
Matt Rosenberg, the CBD is essentially about perception. It is usually the "postcard image" one has of a particular city. There have been
various attempts at delineating the boundaries of the CBD but, for the most
part, one can visually or instinctively know when the CBD starts and ends, as
it is the core and contains a plethora of tall buildings, high density, a lack
of parking, transportation nodes, a large number of pedestrians on the street,
and generally just a lot of activity during the daytime. The bottom line is
that the CBD is what people think of when they think of a city's downtown area.
10.Type of Activity
10.Type of Activity
10.1 Services
Services
are the non-physical, intangible parts of our economy, as opposed to goods,
which we can touch or handle. Services, such as banking, education, medical treatment,
and transportation make up the majority of the economies of the rich nations.
They also represent most of the emerging nations’ economies.
10.2 Social
Social
activities include music and art groups, cooking and gardening. Offsite
activities include outings such as shopping, eating out, thereat trips and
sailing. Our activity coordinators ensure that everyone has the opportunity to
participate in interesting and fun activities. Everyone is encouraged to
socialist, whether it’s through relaxing in our gardens or meeting friends in
our onsite coffee shop.
10.3 Restaurant
A restaurant
is a business that prepares and serves food and drinks to customers. Meals are
generally served and eaten on the premises, but many restaurants also offer
take-out and food delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and
offerings, including a wide variety of cuisines and service models ranging from
inexpensive fast food restaurants and cafeterias, to mid-priced family
restaurants, to high-priced luxury establishments.
11. Best Practice
According to Eeva-Sofia,
Ville Inkeri, Jukka Heinonen and Seppo Junnila in their article
entitled
"How central business district developments facilitate environmental
sustainability -
A multiple case study in Finland" states that sustainable
space planning is very complex
today, and local authorities strives to limit
this complexity by dividing social, economic and
environmental considerations
into separate processes. I think this does not fit the original
idea of
sustainability, but it helps planners avoid the difficult choices and decisions
required
by the integration of sustainability themes. In addition, sustainable
development is usually
promoted through actions that are slightly deviant from
current planning practices, and are
clearly different from the standard often
not discussed. Although future generations may be
the inspiration for the
definition of sustainable development, they do not seem to be
underestimated in
sustainable urban planning.
Traffic dimensions is a major part of
historical, cultural and cultural landmarks places of
worship, many banks,
institutions, schools and government departments, old markets and
major
commercials units are located in the CBD, so the volume of traffic will
increase heavy,
which is why it should reduce traffic congestion. Most of all
travel is in the morning to get to
school, administrative matters and also for
those who emigrated from another area or
countryside to reach the destination.
The amount of traffic will also be congested at evening
and peak hours because
everyone rushing and also tired.
i.
Michael. D. Beyard (2007) Ten
Principles for Developing Succesfull Town Centers Received 14 April 2020.
Retrieved from Documents TP Town Centers
ii.
Rice Kinder (2016) What Makes a Great City. Received
14 April 2020. Retrieved from what makes a great city great public spaces
iii.
Eeva-Sofia Säynä joki, Ville Inkeri, Jukka
Heinonen & Seppo Junnila. (2014). How
central business district developments facilitate environmental sustainability
– A multiple case study in Finland. (Aalto University School of Engineering,
Finland).
iv.
Negi Mohita. (n.d). Factors influencing Growth of Cities around
the World.
v.
Beyard, Micheal D.Anita Kramer,Bruce Leonard,Micheal Pawlukiewicz, Dean Schwanke, and Nora Yoo.
Ten Principle for Developing Success-full Town Centers. Washington, D.C.:
ULI-the Urban Institute, 2007. 14 April 2020.
vi.
New Zealand Ministry for the
Environment Manatū Mō Te Taiao. 14 April 2020.
vii.
Kennesy Smith (2006). From Planning
Commissioners Journal / Number 62 / Spring 2006.
viii.
Matt
Rosenberg, (2019) Basics of the Central Business District. 14 April 2020.
ix.
John Spacey, (2017) Type of Activity Center.
14 April 2020.
x.
Shobhit Seth, (2019) Important to the Economy
14 April 2020.